| Department | Psychology |
| Knowledgment area | Methods in Behavioural Sciences |
| Research | Research unit Unidad de Investigación en Intervención y Cuidado Familiar |
| Research lines | Estudio de la alianza terapéutica en contextos clínicos y sociales Estudio del proceso de intervención terapéutica individual y familiar |
| Keywords | alianza terapéutica; investigación de proceso; intervención sistémica; terapia familiar |
| Contacto | UDC directory |
| Orcid id0000-0003-3900-5805 Scopus24070526300 | |
This section shows the teaching given in degrees, masters and other officers studies in last 6 years.
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
| Applied Psychology and Health | Core | 0 | 50 |
| Final Year Dissertation | Compulsory | 0 | 20 |
| Final Year Dissertation | Compulsory | 0 | 8 |
| Master's Dissertation | Compulsory | 0 | 8 |
| Psychology | Core | 0 | 84 |
| Research in Psychotherapy Processes | Optional | 0 | 21 |
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Applied Psychology and Health
Degree in Podiatry
|
Core | 0 | 50 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Nursing
|
Compulsory | 0 | 20 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Podiatry
|
Compulsory | 0 | 4 |
|
Psychology
Degree in Nursing
|
Core | 0 | 84 |
|
Research in Psychotherapy Processes
Master's in Applied Psychology
|
Compulsory | 0 | 21 |
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Applied Psychology and Health
Degree in Podiatry
|
Core | 0 | 50 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Speech Therapy
|
Compulsory | 0 | 13 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Nursing
|
Compulsory | 0 | 30 |
|
Psychology
Degree in Nursing
|
Core | 0 | 84 |
|
Research in Psychotherapy Processes
Master's in Applied Psychology
|
Compulsory | 0 | 21 |
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Applied Psychology and Health
Degree in Podiatry
|
Core | 0 | 50 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Speech Therapy
|
Compulsory | 0 | 8 |
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Nursing
|
Compulsory | 0 | 15 |
|
Psychology
Degree in Nursing
|
Core | 0 | 84 |
|
Research in Psychotherapy Processes
Master's in Applied Psychology
|
Compulsory | 0 | 21 |
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Nursing
|
Compulsory | 0 | 20 |
|
Psychology
Degree in Nursing
|
Core | 0 | 84 |
|
Research in Psychotherapy Processes
Master's in Applied Psychology
|
Compulsory | 0 | 21 |
| Subject and involved studies | Type | Distance hours | Total hours |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Final Year Dissertation
Degree in Nursing
|
Compulsory | 0 | 5 |
|
Psychology
Degree in Nursing
|
Core | 0 | 84 |
|
Research in Psychotherapy Processes
Master's in Applied Psychology
|
Compulsory | 0 | 21 |
Defined tutoring by teacher for 2025/2026 academic course.
| Quarter | Day | Site |
|---|---|---|
| 1st quarter |
Monday
13:00 a 15:00 |
despacho psicología |
| 1st quarter |
Monday
17:00 a 18:00 |
UIICF Edif 07 Campus Ferrol |
| 2nd quarter |
Monday
17:00 a 18:00 |
UIICF Edif 07 Campus Ferrol |
| 2nd quarter |
Monday
13:00 a 15:00 |
despacho psicología |
| 2nd quarter |
Tuesday
16:00 a 18:00 |
P1B14 Fac. CC de la Educacion |
Directed or codirected by current teacher since 2013 year.
| Analysis of the nurse's therapeutic communication and families' perception of comprehension and emotional support for the relatives of patients admitted to Intensive Care Units: A Qualitative Systematic Review |
| Emotional management of nursing staff in emergency situations with critically ill patients. A qualitative research proposal. |
| Intervention Project in a Case of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) |
| Nursing intervention in patients with ischemic stroke in the acute phase |
| Proposal for a speech therapy in a patient with Dias-Logan Syndrome |
| Speaking with rhythm and challenge: Speech-language intervention targeting the /r/ phoneme in a gifted 5-year-old child. |
| The impact of family structures on chronic pain relief in elderly patients. |
| Compassion fatigue in nursing professionals |
| Coping with maternal perinatal grief: role of nursing |
| Effective strategies for suicide prevention at the international level: a narrative review |
| Impact on the mental health of nurses who care in stressful or complicated situations |
| Interventional proposal of a child with Gand Syndrome |
| Coping with dead in nursing. |
| New tools for nursing in the formation of the therapeutic alliance with patients and their families in Primary Health Care: Adaptation of the SOATIF model. |
| Detection and prevention of sucide risk from primary care nursing |
| Intervention program for the family of patients in palliative care |
| Case study: application of the model family consultation (FAMCON) to a family in chronic disease |
| Multimethod evaluation of the therapeutic alliance. Physiological and behavioral indicators. |
| Multifamily group intervention for patients in treatment with methadone. |
Select merit type and year to query research merits.
Variables de proceso y resultado en los grupos de discusión multifamiliar en enfermedad física crónica. (INCENTIVO)
| Funding entity | Xunta de Galicia |
| Main researches | Silvia López Larrosa |
| Type | Proyecto Otros Programas |
| Dates | From 13/07/2005 to 12/12/2006 |
CONTRATO PARA ACTIVIDADES DE ASESORAMENTO E ASISTENCIA TÉCNICA ENTRE A UNIVERSIDADE DA CORUÑA E MENIÑOS FUNDACIÓN PARA LA INFANCIA
| Funding entity | MENIÑOS, FUNDACIÓN PARA A INFANCIA |
| Type | Contrato |
| Dates | From 02/02/2004 to 02/10/2004 |
CONVENIO ENTRE LA UDC Y LA UNIVERSIDAD DE ALBANY (USA), UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE NUEVA YORK, PARA INTERCAMBIO DE ALUMNOS EN MATERIAS DE POSTGRADO
| Funding entity | UNIVERSIDAD DE ALBANY |
| Type | Contrato |
| Dates | From 23/06/1999 to 01/01/2000 |
Variables familiares predictoras de resultado en programas de inserción y prevención de internamiento de menores.
| Funding entity | Secretaria Xeral de Investigación e Desenvolvemento Tecnolóxico |
| Type | Proyecto Otros Programas |
| Dates | From 25/08/1999 to 25/08/2002 |
Confilcto intrafamiliar y dificultades de temperamento en preescolares.
| Funding entity | Dirección Xeral de Universidades |
| Type | Proyecto Otros Programas |
| Dates | From 24/10/1996 to 24/10/1998 |
Reacciones de los hijos pequeños ante las disputas matrimoniales: Estudio longitudinal
| Funding entity | Dirección Xeral de Universidades |
| Type | Proyecto Otros Programas |
| Dates | From 04/08/1995 to 04/08/1996 |
Using the e-SOFTA for Video Training and Research on Alliance-Related Behavior
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna L. Friedlander, Laurie Heatherington |
| Journal | PSYCHOTHERAPY Vol. 48 Num. 2 (pages 138 to 147) |
Alliance in Couple and Family Therapy
| Authors | Myrna L. Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Laurie Heatherington, Gary M. Diamond |
| Journal | PSYCHOTHERAPY Vol. 48 Num. 1 (pages 25 to 33) |
Frequency, severity and evolution of split family alliances: How observable are they?
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Cristina Muñiz De la Peña, Myrna Friedlander |
| Journal | PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH Vol. 19 Num. 2 (pages 133 to 142) |
La Creación de la alianza terapéutica en la terapia familiar
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Journal | APUNTES DE PSICOLOGÍA Vol. 27 Num. 2 (pages 247 to 259) |
Intensive family preservation services in Flanders: an outcome study
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Hubert Van Puyenbroeck, Gerrit Loots, Hans Grietens, Wolfgang Jacquet |
| Journal | CHILD AND FAMILY SOCIAL WORK Vol. 14 Num. 2 (pages 222 to 232) |
Preschool children and marital conflict: A constructive view
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Edward Mark Cummings |
| Journal | EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 6 Num. 2 (pages 170 to 189) |
How do therapists enhance family alliances? Sequential analyses of therapist-client behavior in two contrasting cases
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna Friedlander, Jessica Lamber, Carrie Cragum |
| Journal | PSYCHOTHERAPY Vol. 45 Num. 1 (pages 75 to 87) |
Observing the therapeutic alliance in family therapy:associations with participants¿ perceptions and therapeutic outcomes
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Nuria Varela, Alberto Abascal |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY Vol. 30 Num. 2 (pages 194 to 214) |
Training family therapy students in conceptual and observation skills relating to the therapeutic alliance: an evaluation
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, John Carpenter, Mark Rivett |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY Vol. 30 Num. 4 (pages 411 to 424) |
Escaleras y Torreones Terapéuticos: Directrices y Técnicas Básicas para el Trabajo con niños en Terapia Familiar
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Alberto Abascal, Nuria Varela Feal |
| Journal | Cuadernos de Psiquiatría Comunitaria Vol. 8 Num. 2 (pages 207 to 223) |
Observing the therapeutic alliance in family therapy: associations with participants¿ perceptions and therapeutic outcomes
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna L. Friedlander, Nuria Varela Feal, Alberto Abascal González |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY Num. 30 (pages 194 to 214) |
Three Perspectives on Clientes¿ Experiences of the Therapeutic Alliance: a Discovery-Oriented Investigations
| Authors | Michael Beck, Myrna Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY Vol. 32 Num. 3 (pages 355 to 368) |
System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances: A Tool for Research and Practice
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna Friedlander, Adam Horvath, Laurie Heatherington, Andres Cabero, Matthew Martens |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Vol. 53 Num. 2 (pages 214 to 225) |
El sistema de observación de la alianza terapéutica en Intervención Familiar
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna Friedlander |
| Journal | PERSPECTIVAS SISTÉMICAS Vol. - Num. 77 (pages 7 to 9) |
International exchanges in family therapy: Training, research an practice in Spain and US
| Authors | Myrna Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Michele Guzmán |
| Journal | COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST Vol. 30 Num. 2 (pages 314 to 329) |
Observing couples interaction: Integrative analysis of interpersonal Control, cognitive constructions, and emotional impact
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Laurie Heatherington, Myrna Friedlander |
| Journal | METODOLOGÍA DE LAS CIENCIAS DEL COMPORTAMIENTO Vol. 3 Num. 2 (pages 247 to 265) |
Un modelo para investigación y trabajo clínico con familias
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, José Luis Rodriguez Arias |
| Journal | CUADERNOS DE TERAPIA FAMILIAR Vol. 39 Num. - (pages 237 to 241) |
Patterns of Relational Control and nonverbal Affect in Clinicand Nonclinic couples
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Edna Rogers, Emilio Gutiérrez |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS Vol. 14 Num. 1 (pages 5 to 29) |
Therapeutic. Interaction and Dropont: measuring relational communication in Solution-foused therapy
| Authors | Mark Beyencach, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Journal | JOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY Vol. 19 Num. 2 (pages 173 to 212) |
El conflicto de pareja y su repercusión en los hijos: una revisión
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Journal | CUADERNOS DE TERAPIA FAMILIAR Vol. - Num. 1 (pages 107 to 118) |
Familias y enfermedad física: manual de intervención familiar y multifamiliar
| Authors | Nuria Varela, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Silvia López Larrosa |
| Publishing | Editorial Grupo 5, Madrid (España) |
| ISBN | 978-84-943980-5-6 |
La alianza terapeutica. En la terapia familiar y de pareja.
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna Friedlander, Laurie Heatherington |
| Publishing | Paidós, Barcelona (España) |
| ISBN | 978-84-493-2256-3 |
Therapeutic Alliances in Couple and Family Therapy: an Empirically Informed Guide to Practice
| Authors | Myrna Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Laurie Heatherington |
| Publishing | APA Books (American Psychological Association), Washintong (Estados Unidos) |
| ISBN | 1-59147-331-4 |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A
| Publishing | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, (España) |
| ISBN | 0-8058-3712-4 |
Familia, evaluación e intervención
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Publishing | CCS, Madrid (España) |
| ISBN | 84-8316-720-4 |
Therapeutic Alliances and Alliance Building in Family Therapy
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Laurie Heatherington. Myrna Friedlander |
| Book |
The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based approach to practice and training Vol. - Publishing: Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1-60623-873-8 |
| Pages | From 240 to 262 |
Procesonderzoek
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Gerrit Loots. Jasmina Sermijn. Klara Jiraskova. Peter Lenaerts |
| Book |
Handboek Systeem Therapie Vol. - Publishing: De Tijdstroom. ISBN: 978-90-5898-141-7 |
| Pages | From 107 to 114 |
Talleres centrados en soluciones para padres de alumnos adolescentes con o sin problemas
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa. Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Book |
Dificultades del Desarrollo Vol. - Publishing: Pirámide. ISBN: 978-84-368-2098-0 |
| Pages | From 1 to 20 |
Analyzing Relational Communication
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Edna L. Rogers |
| Book |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A Vol. - Publishing: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-3712-4 |
| Pages | From 51 to 79 |
Observing Relational Communication
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Edna L. Rogers |
| Book |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A Vol. - Publishing: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-3712-4 |
| Pages | From 23 to 50 |
Overview and Future Directions
| Authors | Edna L. Rogers. Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Book |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A Vol. - Publishing: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-3712-4 |
| Pages | From 219 to 235 |
Theoretical Foundations
| Authors | Edna L. Rogers. Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Book |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A Vol. - Publishing: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-3712-4 |
| Pages | From 3 to 22 |
Relational Communication Patterns in Marital Interaction
| Authors | Edna L. Rogers. Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Book |
Relational Communication: An Interactional Perspective to the Study of Process and Form0A Vol. - Publishing: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-3712-4 |
| Pages | From 83 to 102 |
Observación de patrones de interacción en la pareja
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Edna Rogers. Emilio Gutiérrez |
| Book |
Libro de cocina gallega para diabéticos Vol. - Publishing: Diputación Provincial. ISBN: 84-89652-86-4 |
| Pages | From 77 to 102 |
Observación de Patrones de interacción en la pareja
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Book |
Observación en psicología clínica:Aplicaciones Vol. - Publishing: Edicións Universitat Barcelona. ISBN: 84-8338-109-5 |
| Pages | From 77 to 112 |
Discusiones familiares en el hogar :los niños en el contexto de la rivalidad y el conflicto.
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza. Silvia López Larrosa. Lydia Platas |
| Book |
El malestar en la familia. Vol. - Publishing: Ramón Areces. ISBN: 84-80004-281-8 |
| Pages | From 51 to 86 |
La violencia filio-parental como proceso. Análisis de las variables, familiares y contextuales
| Autor | Estefanía Lema Moreira |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Scope | Psicología |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente |
Alianza terapéutica en terapia familiar: la contribución del terapeuta en la creación de alianza
| Autor | Alberto Abascal González |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Scope | Psicología |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente Cum Laude |
Evaluación de la eficacia del programa GDM (Grupos de Discusión Multifamiliar) en pacientes con una enfermedad física crónica y sus familias
| Autor | Nuria Esther Varela Feal |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Scope | Ciencias de la Salud |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente Cum Laude |
Adherencia al tratamiento en insuficiencia cardiaca y calidad de vida en la pareja
| Autor | Juan Ramón Vidal Gorosquieta |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza;Alberto Juffe Stein |
| Scope | Psicología |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente Cum Laude |
Patrones de interacción y relación terapéutica: control de la relación y clima afectivo de la interacción terapeuta-cliente
| Autor | Andrés Cabero Álvarez |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Scope | Psicología |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente Cum Laude |
Observación de la conducta de los hijos pequeños en el contexto de discusiones matrimoniales: un estudio longitudinal
| Autor | María Lidia Platas Ferreiro |
| Director/s | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Scope | Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación |
| Qualification | Sobresaliente Cum Laude |
The Self-Report version of the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliances: Reliability and Validity
42nd International Meeting. SPR Society for Psychotherapy Research an international, multidisciplinary, scientific organization.
International
| Authors | Cristina Muñiz, Laurie Heatherington, Nuria Varela Feal, Myrna Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Organization | SPR Society for Psychotherapy Research an international, multidisciplinary, scientific organization. |
| Place | Bern (Suiza) |
Applying the System for Observing Family Therapy Alliance to group therapy: An Exploratory Study
42nd International Meeting. SPR Society for Psychotherapy Research an international, multidisciplinary, scientific organization.
International
| Authors | Nuria Varela, Cristina Muñiz De la Peña, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Organization | SPR Society for Psychotherapy Research an international, multidisciplinary, scientific organization. |
| Place | Bern (Suiza) |
Therapists responses to three problematic alliance patterns in family therapy
SPR Society for Psychotherapy Research 39th Annual Meeting
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Alberto Abascal González, Nuria Varela Feal, Dolores Romero |
| Place | Barcelona (España) |
Merging methods or diverging methods? Correspondence between observational and self-report measures of family therapy alliance
37ª Reunión anual de la Society for Psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Silvia López Larrosa, Nuria Varela Feal, Dolores Romero |
| Place | Edimburgo (Reino Unido) |
Demonstration of the e-SOFTA, a computer sofware program for making observational ratings of the alliance in couple and family therapy
Congress of the Society of psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Myrna Friedlander |
| Place | Edinburgh (Reino Unido) |
How do therapists enhance family alliances? Sequential analyses of therapist-client behavior in one successful family case
Congress of the Society of psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Jessica Lambert, Myrna Friedlander, Carrie Cragun, Melissa Horn, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Jane Higham |
| Place | Edinburgh (Reino Unido) |
Merging methods or diverging methods? Correspondence between observational and self-repot measures of family therapy alliances
Congress of the Society of psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Silvia López Larrosa, Nuria Varela, Dolores Romero |
| Place | Edinburgh (Reino Unido) |
New developments in SOFTA research: Therapist contributions to family therapy alliances and alliance-outcome links in conjoint treatment
Congress of the Society of psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Myrna Friedlander, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Laurie Heatherington |
| Place | Edinburgh (Reino Unido) |
Aplicación del modelo de intervención de grupos de discusión multifamiliar a pacientes y sus familias con enfermerdad inflamatoria intestinal
XXI Congreso Nacional de Enfermería de Salud Mental "El saber enfermero: un marco de acción"
National
| Authors | Nuria Varela Feal, Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza, Emma Rodríguez Maseda, Silvia Prenas López, Manuel Romero Martín |
| Place | Bilbao (España) |
Analyzing sequences of parental constructive conflictand preschool children behaviours
XI European Conference on Developmental Psychology
International
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Place | Milan (Italia) |
A longitudinal study of the relationship between parental affect and children`s behaviour in sequences of parental conflict.
10 European Conference on Developmental Psychology
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Lydia Platas, Silvia López Larrosa |
| Place | Upsala (Suecia) |
Developing a system to code children`s behaviours durin Parental conflict
10 European Conference on Developmental Psychology
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Silvia López Larrosa |
| Place | Upsala (Suecia) |
SEF: un sistema de evaluación familiar para la investigación y la intervención
2º Congreso nacional "Cuerpo y Terapia Familiar"
International
| Authors | Silvia López Larrosa, Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Place | Madrid (España) |
The study of constructing solutions in brief family therapy: observing relational narrative, and emotional transformations
29 annual Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, José Luis Rodriguez Arias, Alberto Rodriguez Morejón |
| Place | Utah (Estados Unidos) |
Integrative analysis of interpersonal control, cognitive constructions and emotions in couple interaction: an illustratvie case study
First Annual Meeting of the Society for Interpersonal Theory and Research
International
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza, Laurie Heatherington, Myrna Friedlander |
| Place | Utah (Estados Unidos) |
Análisis de Patrones individuales en la investigación observacional de Interacciones Diádicas
1 Congreso Nacional de la S.E.I.D.I.
National
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Place | Madrid (España) |
Observación de la interacción: Revisión de procedimientos para provocar situaciones de interacción observable.
IV Symposium Nacional de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento
National
| Authors | Valentín Escudero Carranza |
| Place | Murcia (España) |
Academic or management positions held by teacher.